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推荐文章：2003年9月六级试题及参考答案
推荐文章简介：
Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (20 minutes) Section A Directions In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about wha
turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laude
nslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned (使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin（糖精）by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and&n
bsp;injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.
11. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity .
A) was strengthened C) was altered
B) was not affected D) was weakened
12. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to .
A) try to control unpleasant stimuli B) turn off the electricity
C) behave passively in controllable situations D) become abnormally suspicious
13. The reason why the
mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that .
A) they disliked its taste B) it affected their immune systems
C) it led to stomach pains D) they associated it with stomachaches
14. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment was that .
A) they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin
B) the sweetener was poisonous to them
C) their immune systems had been altered by the mind
D) they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning
15. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of animals .
A) can be weakened by conditioning B) can be suppressed by drug injections
C) can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin D) can be altered by electric shocks
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage
The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue to occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing&n
bsp;(把…固定) legal responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon (放任). Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and friendly persuasion have been met by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long delays - not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something about it.
It seems that only when government decides it can afford tax incentives or production sacrifices is there any initiative for change. Where is industry’s and our recognition that protecting mankind’s great treasure is the single most important responsibility If ever there will be time for environmental health professionals to come to the frontlines and provide leadership to solve environmental problems, that time is now.
We are being asked, and, in fact, the public is demanding that we take positive action. It is our responsibility as professionals in environmental health to mak上一页 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] 下一页 |
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