本站原创浙江理工大学2016级机械电子工程专业培养方案
一,专业名称:机械电子工程专业代码:080204
二、培养目标
本专业培养具有扎实的机械工程和电子工程基础知识,掌握机电一体化集成技术,能从事现代机电系统研究开发,集成,维护,管理,具有创新精神和能力的复合型工程技术人才.
三、培养规格及基本要求
毕业生应具备的知识,能力与素质结构:
1.知识结构
(1)具有较扎实的数学,物理等自然科学基础,较好的人文社会科学基础和外语基础,
(2)系统地掌握本专业科学与工程领域的宽厚理论基础知识,主要包括工程制图,力学,机械设计基础,电子技术,控制技术基础等知识,
(3)具有机电系统集成技术的知识与技能,包括机电控制工程,机电系统设计,机器人技术,嵌入式技术等方面的知识与技能,了解本专业学科前沿和发展趋势.
2.能力结构
(1)具备机电一体化系统设计能力,
(2)能够通过不断的自学来提高专业技术水平,
(3)具有分析问题和解决问题的基本能力及开拓创新的精神,
(4)具有良好的算机应用能力和英语读写能力,能够熟练地查阅文献,资料和科技情报.
3.素质结构
(1)品格素质:具有较高的政治素质,思想素质与道德素质.
(2)文化素质:具有基本的历史,哲学,文学,艺术等知识和修养.
(3)身心素质:具有健康的体魄和心理.
(4)工程素质:掌握扎实的工程理论知识,具有较好的团队合作精神.
四、主干学科:机械工程,电子工程
五、核心课程
思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论,英语,高等数学,电路原理基础,理论力学,机械原理,机电控制工程,机电传动与控制,单片微机原理及应用,机电系统设计
六、特色课程
研究型课程:机电系统实践与实验
双语教学课程:科学与工程计算语言,三维数字化建模,可编程序控制器技术
七,学习年限:3-6年最低毕业学分:17.5授予学位:工学学士
课内总学时:23独立实践教学:34周+96学时
八,培养方案的学分分配比例
类别必修学分选修学分合计比例通识课程+51445.0%学科基础课程42.5+13661.535.4%专业课程9+10123117.9%第二课堂331.7%合计1.535173.5100.0%比例79.8%20.2%实践教学57.1学分比例32.9%注:各课程类别中均包含实践教学.
九,专业特色
以培养能从事现代机电系统研发的复合型工程技术人才为目标,以纺织装备为行业背景,根据浙江省纺织装备对机电一体化人才的需求,在专业课程和实践课程设置中强调纺织装备和自动化装备中的机电集成技术的学习.通过综合类理论知识的学习,及大量课内外实践环节培养提高综合知识应用能力.
十,说明1.按类培养招生说明
机械类包括机械设计制造及其自动化,机械电子工程,过程装备与控制工程,材料成型及控制工程和工业工程5个专业.上述5个专业第1至第3学期教学计划一致.学生从第三学期末开始分流,选择具体专业,从第4学期起,按各专业教学计划进行.
2.方向模块选修
本专业分嵌入式技术和机器人技术两个方向培养,学生必须选修至少一个方向课程6个学分,专业选修课中其它6个学分也可从另一方向课中选择.
3.通识课程选修说明
1)工程技术类:推荐选择工程设计导论.
2)人文艺术类:可根据个人兴趣在"通识课程一览"中任选.
3)经济管理类:可根据个人兴趣在"通识课程一览"中任选.
4)计算机信息类:第二学期一般起点的学生必须修读"VB程序设计"或"C程序设计",高起点的学生则可修读"算法设计与分析"和其它应用开发课程或综合应用课程,以确保计算机基础课程总学分不少于7学分.
5)语言类,综合类:可根据个人兴趣在"通识课程一览"中加选其他课程.
浙江理工大学2016级机械电子工程专业教学计划表
课程类别课程性质课程归属大类模块课程代码课程名称学分总学时讲课学时实验(践)学时建议修读学期建议 周学时考核方式备注通识教育必修计算机信息类02524计算机基础概论1.0161612注1经济管理类53695创业基础2.03216163226433名着选读1.016882274509思想道德修养与法律基础3.048321613745102.032284227451413.048321633745163.0484262303502体育11.032428120350321.032428220350431.03242832045072.032161612085011.0362115332自然科学类63522高等数学A15.0808015▲63523A25.0808025▲63565B2.0323232▲69528B4.0646424▲73508英语24.0646414▲373510英语44.0646424▲730142.0323232▲工程技术类14513工程化学B2.0323232314052.0323232355862.03220123202530C程序设计4.064323224★见前注102536算法设计与分析4.064323224★经济管理类35587生产管理学基础2.0323232必修295162.54037332.5315604.0646434▲316261.01616123162713.0484813▲3162822.5404022.5▲366652.54032832.5▲必修思想政治理论类07501形势与政策2.01284综合类04503职业发展与就业指导2.0385选修语言类英语通识选修课2.032322-72通识教育必修思想政治理论类74515思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论23.04832164303505体育41.0324284263518概率论B2.0323242▲英语拓展课2.0323242▲ 浙江理工大学2016级机械电子工程专业教学计划表
课程类别课程性质课程归属大类模块课程代码课程名称学分总学时讲课学时实验(践)学时建议修读学期建议 周学时考核方式备注通识教育选修工程技术类35574制造业信息化导论2.032324231408新能源与核能发电技术2.032324234401物联网技术概论2.032324236404实用科技文体写作2.0323242经济管理类35522项目管理2.0323262必修315453.0484853▲315963.0484843▲315982.0321814523180813.04842643▲366013.04839953▲366043.04840856366053.04840863▲366073.048361253▲366714.06456844▲315512.03224862316542.0323024231666(双语)2.03232523180922.03230252365022.0323025236651(双语)2.032161642必修366063.048331563366082.0323274366102.03228452366722.032326234592嵌入式系统设计3.04836126336673嵌入式接口技术3.04824247336617实用运动控制技术2.03224872366742.032161652366752.032161662318252.032201262315812.03216166236514(气压)传动与控制2.0322847236656(双语)2.03224852317222.03224862366761.0161662366771.0161662 1.考核方式栏"▲"为集中笔试,"★"为集中机试.
2.备注栏说明
注1:通识教育(计算机信息类)课程实行分级教学,具体安排如下:
课程
层次第一学期第二学期必修选修一般起点计算机基础概论(02524)计算机应用技能(02505)C程序设计(02530)高起点计算机基础概论(02524)算法基础与应用(02525)算法设计与分析(02536)优秀生免修算法设计与分析(02536)新生入校后进行计算机水平测试,学生根据不同分级修读相应的课程,其中优秀生第一学期选修"计算机应用与提高(02529)"课程.
注2:"军事理论"课除21学时外还有15学时安排在军训期间进行.
注3:高考英语成绩居我校入学英语成绩排名前30%的新生,入学后可参加学校统一组织的英语水平测试,笔试及口试均达到优秀的学生,可免修"英语2"和"英语4".
注4:"形势与政策"课每学期16学时,每学期考核一次,该课程总成绩为各学年考核平均成绩.
注5:"职业发展与就业指导"分散在第1,4,5(6),7学期,分别为12,4,16和6学时.
注6:本专业分嵌入式技术和机器人技术两个方向培养,学生必须选修至少一个方向课程6个学分,专业选修课中其它6个学分也可从另一方向课中选择. 选修课最低修读学分一览表
课程类别课程归属大类最低修读学分是否指定教学计划表内课程选修备注通识教育自然科学类工程技术类2否人文艺术类2否经济管理类4否计算机信息类4否语言类综合类2否体育与健康类思想政治理论类学科基础教育6是专业教育12是模块6学分
浙江理工大学2016级机械电子工程专业独立实践教学计划表
课程类别课程性质课程归属大类模块课程
代码课程名称学分总学时讲课学时实验(践)学时建议修读学期建议 周学时考核方式备注通识教育必修计算机信息类02505计算机应用技能2.0323212102525算法基础与应用2.032321203501军训1.02W12W69533普通物理实验B1.0323222选修计算机信息类02529计算机应用与提高2.032161612见前注1学科基础教育必修316334.04W24W317281.01W31W318221.01W21W必修045011.02W2W42W必修3166910.51616423167020.516165231817A2.02W2W52W318192.02W2W42W366612.02W2W52W必修36678(论文)8.016W16W816W368022.02W2W62W课程归属大类最低修读学分是否指定教学计划表内课程选修备注通识教育学科基础教育专业教育
其他要求:
1."第二课堂教育"共3学分,学生可通过参与科研项目,参加各类学科竞赛或科技文化艺术活动,发表学术论文或文学作品,设计作品,获得发明专利,参加课外自主实验,社会调查,社团活动,获得国家颁布的各类资格证书等多种途径获得第二课堂学分.具体可参见《学生手册》中《浙江理工大学本科生第二课堂学分管理办法》文件.
2.体质健康测试:学生每学年测试一次(五年制学生只参加前四年测试),具体测试时间,内容,测试方式,成绩评定等可参见《学生手册》中《浙江理工大学关于落实<,国家学生体质健康标准>,实施办法》文件.
ZhejiangSci-TechUniversity
2016ProgramOutlineofMechatronicEngineering
ⅠNameofMajor:MechatronicEngineering
CodeforMajor:080204
ⅡObjectives
Thecurriculumisdesignedtoeducatestudentsinmechanicalengineeringandelectronicengineeringtheoryandpractice.Graduateswithmechatronicsknowledgeandskillcaninnovativelyengageinworkofintegratedsystemdesign,systemmaintenance,andproductionmanagementandsooninthefieldofmechatronicsengineering.
ⅢBasicRequirementsonKnowledgeandAbilities
Graduatesareexpectedtohethefollowingknowledgeandabilities:
1.Knowledge
(1)Solidfoundationinnaturalsciences,humanities&,arts,andEnglishlanguage,
(2)Solidfoundationinstrongcoreofengineeringsciencecourseontoallengineeringcurricula,especiallytheskillsinMechanicalDrawing,Mechanics,PrinciplesofMachinery,ElectronicCircuitsandMechatronicsControlEngineering,
(3)SkillsofintegratedmechatronicssystemDesign,withtheknowledgeofmechatroniccontrolengineering,mechanicssystemdesign,robottechnologyandembeddedsystem.UnderstandingofMechatronicsdevelopmentandtrend,
2.Abilities
(1)Applymechatronicsengineeringknowledgeandskillstodesignanddevelopthemechatronicssystem,
(2)Beengagedinandcontinuetoengageinlifelongself-directedlearningtomaintainandenhancetheirprofessionalskills,
(3)Heproblemanalyzingandsolvingability,andinnovativethinking,
(4)HeskillofputerapplicationandabilityofEnglishlanguageforreadingandwriting,
(5)Beabletoaccessandreviewliteratureandtechnologicalinformation.
3.Qualities
(1)Moralquality:highcaliberofpolitical,spiritualandmoralquality,
(2)Culturalqualities:fundamentalknowledgeinhistory,philosophy,literatureandart
(3)Physicalandmentalhealth:goodphysicalandmentalhealth
(4)Professionalquality:Solidfoundationofengineeringtheoreticalknowledge,performprofessionallyinbothindividualandmulti-disciplinaryteam-basedprojectenvironment,
ⅣMainSubjects:MechanicalEngineering,ElectronicsEngineering
ⅤCoreCourses
IntroductiontoMaoZedongThoughtandtheTheoreticalSystemofSocialiwithChineseCharacteristics,English,AdvancedMathematics,ElectricCircuit,ComputerProgramming,TheoreticalMechanics,TheoryofMachinesandMechanis,MechanicalDesign,MechatronicControlEngineering,PrinciplesandApplicationsofMicro-controller,MechatronicsSystemDesign.
ⅥSpecialCourses
Researchcourses:MechatronicsSystemDesign
Bilingualcourses:PrinciplesofMachinery,Science&,EngineeringComputingLanguage,3DDigitalModeling
ⅦLengthofCourses:3-6yearsDegreeAwarded:BachelorofEngineering
MinimumCreditsRequiredforGraduation:173.5
In-ClassHours:2325SeparatePracticeTeaching:456
ⅧProportionofCourseCredits
CourseClassificationCompulsoryCreditsOptionalCreditsTotalCreditsPercentageGeneralCourses59+51445.0%BasicDiscipline-relatedCourses42.5+13661.535.4%Courses9+10123117.9%ExtracurricularActivities/331.7%TotalCredits138.535173.5100.0%Percentage79.8%20.2%PracticeTeaching56.6CreditsPercentage32.9%
ⅨCharacteristicsoftheMajor
Theprogramaimstoproducehigh-endpracticalintegratedtechnicaltalents,whichfeaturesbackgroundsoftextilemachinery.Accordingtherequirementoftheregionaldevelopmentoftextilemachinery,theprogramemphasizesonmechatronicstechnologyapplicationonthetextileindustry.Studentsareexpectedtomakeprogresorengineeringproblemsolvingabilitiesthroughlargequantitiesofpracticesbothinsideandoutsidetheclass.
ⅩNotes
1.Category-basedtrainingandstudentrecruitment
Mechanicalcategoryincludeechanicaldesignmanufactureandautomation,mechatronicengineering,processequipment&,controlengineering,materialforming&,controlengineeringandindustrialengineering.Theabove5majorssharethesameteachingplanforthefirstthreesemesters.Attheendofthethirdsemester,studentschoosespecificmajorsandthenfollowtheteachingplanofchosenmajorromthebeginningofthe4thsemester.
2.Optionalcoursesofthespecializedmodule
TheProgramprovidestwospecialisaftermonfoundationcoursesareacplished:EmbeddedSystemTechnologyandRobotTechnology.StudentsshouldselectatleastonemoduleinSpecializedCourses.Studentscanobtainanother6creditsofoptionalcourseromanotherspeciali.
3.Optionalcoursesofgeneralstudies
1)EngineeringandTechnologieodule:IntroductiontoEngineeringDesignisremended.
2)HumanitiesandArtodule:Freechoicefrom"Generaleducationcourselist".
3)EconomicsandManagementmodule:Freechoicefrom"Generaleducationcourselist"."Productionmanagementbasics"and"projectmanagement"areremended.
4)InTerm2,basic-levelstudentsarerequiredtotake"VBProgramDesign"or"CProgramDesign",Advanced-levelstudentscantake"AlgorithmDesignAndAnalysis"andotherApplicationDevelopmentcoursesorComprehensiveApplicationcourses,toensurethattheycanobtainnolessthan7creditsofbasicputingcourses.SeethetableofZSTUBasicComputingCourseormoreinformation.
5)LanguagesandComprehensivemodule:Freechoicefrom"Generaleducationcourselist".
2016TeachingScheduleMechatronicEngineering
ZhejiangSci-TechUniversity
CourseClassificationC/OCourseCategoryCourseModuleCourseCodeCourseTitleCreditsTotalHoursLectureHoursPracticeHoursTermsWeeklyHoursEvaluationModeNoteGeneralEducationCComputerSciences02524IntroductiontoComputerBasics1.0161612★N1EconomicsandManagement53695FoundationofEntrepreneur2.032161632HumanitiesandArts26433IntroductiontoClassicalLiteraryWorks1.0168822IdeologyandPolitics74509IdeologicalandEthicalCultivationandFoundationsofLaw3.04832161374510TheOutlineofModernChineseHistory2.0322842274514IntroductiontoMaoZedongThoughtandtheTheoreticalSystemofSocialiwithChineseCharacteristics13.04832163374516IntroductiontotheBasicPrinciplesofMarxi3.0484262hysicalandHealthy03502PhysicalEducation11.032428120350hysicalEducation21.0324282203504PhysicalEducation31.0324283204507Students'MentalHealthEducation2.03216161208501MilitaryTheory1.0211533N2Sciences63522AdvancedMathematicsA15.0808015▲63523AdvancedMathematicsA25.0808025▲63565LinearAlgebraB2.0323232▲69528GeneralPhysicsB4.0646424▲Languages73508CollegeEnglish24.0646414▲N373510CollegeEnglish44.0646424▲73014EnglishSpeakingandWriting2.0323232▲OEngineering14513EngineeringChemistryB2.032323231405IntroductiontoModernAutomotives2.032323235586IntroductiontoEngineeringDesign2.032201232ComputerSciences02530CProgramming4.064323224CheckN1fordetail02536AlgorithmDesignandAnalysis4.064323224★EconomicsandManagement35587FundamentalsofProductionManagement2.0323232 2016TeachingScheduleMechatronicEngineering
ZhejiangSci-TechUniversity
CourseClassificationC/OCourseCategoryCourseModuleCourseCodeCourseTitleCreditsTotalHoursLectureHoursPracticeHoursTermsWeeklyHoursEvaluationModeNoteBasicDiscipline-relatedCoursesC29516EngineeringMaterialsandHeatTreatment2.54037332.531560TheoreticalMechanics4.0646434▲31626IntroductiontoMechanicsDiscipline1.016161231627MechanicalDrawing13.0484813▲31628MechanicalDrawing22.5404022.5▲36665FundamentalsofElectricCircuitPrinciples2.54032832.5▲GeneralEducationCIdeologyandPolitics07501CurrentIssuesandPolicies2.0128N4Comprehensive04503CareerDevelopmentandEmploymentGuidance2.038N5LanguagesOptionalCourseofGeneralEnglish2.032322-72GeneralEducationCIdeologyandPolitics74515IntroductiontoMaoZedongThoughtandtheTheoreticalSystemofSocialiwithChineseCharacteristics23.04832164hysicalandHealthy03505PhysicalEducation41.03242842Sciences63518ProbabilityTheoryB2.0323242▲LanguagesCollegeEnglishforAdvancedLearners2.0323242▲OEngineering35574IntroductiontoInformationizationofManufacturingIndustry2.0323242NewEnergyandNuclearPowerGenerationTechnology2.032324234401IntroductiontoInterofThingsTechnologies2.032324236404PracticalScienceWriting2.0323242EconomicsandManagement35522ProjectManagement2.0323262BasicDiscipline-relatedCoursesC31545MachineDesign3.0484853▲31596PrinciplesofMachinery3.0484843▲31598InterchangeabilityandTechnologyMeasurement2.03218145231808MaterialMechanics13.04842643▲36601MechatronicControlEngineering3.04839953▲36604DigitalElectronicCircuits3.0484085636605EngineeringTestingTechnology3.04840863▲ 2016TeachingScheduleMechatronicEngineering
ZhejiangSci-TechUniversity
CourseClassificationC/OCourseCategoryCourseModuleCourseCodeCourseTitleCreditsTotalHoursLectureHoursPracticeHoursTermsWeeklyHoursEvaluationModeNoteBasicDiscipline-relatedCoursesC36607Single-Chip-MicroputerPrinciplesandApplications3.048361253▲36671AnalogElectronicCircuits4.06456844▲O31551MechanicalSystemSimulationTechnology2.0322486231654BasicCourseforMechanicalManufacturing2.03230242316663DDigitalModeling(Bilingual)2.032325231809MaterialMechanics22.0323025236502EngineeringFluidMechanics2.0323025236651Science&,EngineeringComputingLanguage(Bilingual)2.032161642Major-relatedCoursesC36606MechatronicalTranissionandControl3.04833156336608ModernTextileEquipmentsandAutomation2.032327436610IntroductiontoRobotics2.0322845236672MechatronicSystemDesign2.0323262O34592EmbeddedSystemDesign3.048361263N636673InterfaceTechnologyofEmbeddedSystem3.048242473RT36617AppliedMotionControlTechnologies2.0322487236674IndustryRobots2.03216165236675OfflineProgrammingSystemofRobots2.03216166231581FiniteElementTechnology2.03216166231722TechnologyofNumericalControlforMachineTools2.0322486231825MechanicalOptimizationDesign2.03220126236514HydraulicandPneumaticPowerTranissionandControl2.03228472 2016TeachingScheduleMechatronicEngineering
ZhejiangSci-TechUniversity
CourseClassificationC/OCourseCategoryCourseModuleCourseCodeCourseTitleCreditsTotalHoursLectureHoursPracticeHoursTermsWeeklyHoursEvaluationModeNoteMajor-relatedCoursesO36656TechnologyofProgrammableLogicDevice(Bilingual)2.0322485236676TheBaseofEngineeringProjectManagement1.016166236677NewEnergySourceTechnology1.01616621.Inevaluationmodecolumn,"▲"meansacollectivelywrittenexaminationisrequired,"★"meansacollectivelyputerexaminationisrequired.
2.RemarkorNoteColumn
N1:Computersciencescourseorgeneralstudieswillbetaughtinalevel-basedmanner,thearrangementisaollows
Course
Level1stSemester2ndSemesterCompulsoryOptionalBasicLevelIntroductiontoComputerBasics(02524)ComputerSkillsTraining(025)CProgrammingHigherLevelIntroductiontoComputerBasics(02524)FundamentalsofAlgorithmicsandApplication(02525)AlgorithmDesignandAnalysis(02536)AlgorithmDesignandAnalysis(02536)"ComputerApplicationsandImprovement(02529)"asanoptionalcourseinthefirstsemester.
N2:Apartfrom21periodsinclass,15periodsofMilitaryTheorywillbegivenduringmilitarytraining.
N3:ThosewhoseEnglishscoresincollegeentranceexaminationranktop30%amongallfreshmenofouruniversityarequalifiedforEnglishleveltestanizedbytheuniversity,thosewhoscoreAgradeinbothwrittenandoraltestscanbeexemptedfromCollegeEnglish2andCollegeEnglish4.
N4.Thecourse"CurrentIssuesandPolicies"willbelecturedfor16periodsandevaluatedonceeachsemester,thescoreofthiscoursewillbetheerageofscoresobtainedinallacademicyears.
N5.38periodsofCareerDevelopmentandEmploymentGuidanceareallocatedinterms1,4,5and7,with12,4,16and6periodsineachtermrespectively.
N6:TheProgramprovidestwospecialisaftermonfoundationcoursesareacplished:EmbeddedSystemTechnologyandRobotTechnology.StudentsshouldselectatleastonemoduleinSpecializedCourses.Studentscanobtainanother6creditsofoptionalcoursefromanotherspeciali.
C等于Compulsory,O等于Optional
TheListforRequiredMinimumCreditofOptionalCourses
2016MechatronicEngineeringZhejiangSci-TechUniversity
CourseClassificationCourseCategoryRequiredMinimumCreditsWhetherOnlyThoseCoursesListedinTeachingScheduleCanBeSelectedNoteGeneralEducationSciencesEngineering2NHumanitiesandArts2NEconomicsandManagement4NComputerSciences4NLanguagesComprehensive2NPhysicalandHealthyIdeologyandPoliticsBasicDiscipline-relatedCourses6YMajor-relatedCourses12YModule6Credits
2016ScheduleofSeparatePracticalTeachingofMechatronicEngineeringZhejiangSci-TechUniversity
CourseClassificationC/OCourseCategoryCourseModuleCourseCodeCourseTitleCreditsTotalHoursLectureHoursPracticeHoursTermsWeeklyHoursEvaluationModeNoteGeneralEducationCComputerSciences02505ComputerSkillsTraining2.0323212CheckN1fordetail02525FundamentalsofAlgorithmicsandApplication2.0323212PhysicalandHealthy03501MilitaryTraining1.02W12WSciences69533ExperimentsonGeneralPhysicsB1.0323222ComputerSciences02529ComputerApplicationsandImprovement2.032161612CheckN1fordetailBasicDiscipline-relatedCoursesC31633MetalWorkingPractice4.04W24W31728CognitivePracticeforMachinery1.01W31W31822MechanicalSurveyingandMapping1.01W21WGeneralEducationC04501SocialPractice1.02W42WBasicDiscipline-relatedCoursesC31669ExperimentsonBasicMachinery10.516164231670ExperimentsonBasicMachinery20.516165231817CurriculumDesignforMechanicalDesignA2.02W52W31819CurriculumDesignforMechineryPrinciples2.02W42W36661Single-Chip-MicroputerSystemDesignandExperiments2.02W52WMajor-relatedCoursesC36678GraduationDesign(Thesis)8.016W816W36802PracticeandExperimentsofMechatronicSystem2.02W62W
TheListforRequiredMinimumCreditofSeparatePracticalTeaching2016MechatronicEngineering ZhejiangSci-TechUniversity
CourseClassificationCourseCategoryRequiredMinimumCreditsWhetherOnlyThoseCoursesListedinTeachingScheduleCanBeSelectedNoteGeneralEducationBasicDiscipline-relatedCoursesMajor-relatedCoursesExtracurricularActivities3
Note:Studentscanobtaincertainextracurricularcreditsthrougharietyofapproachessuchasparticipatinginresearchprograms,academicpetitions,scienceandculturalartsactivities,publishingpapers,literaryworksordesignworks,obtainingpatents,participatinginindependentexperiments,socialsurveys,clubactivities,obtainingnationalcertificatesofvarioustypes,etc.
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