本站原创本科生毕业论文
题目OnMetaphor
论隐喻
学生姓名
学号
专业班级
指导教师
完成时间2016年5月
ONMETAPHOR
THESIS
Submittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementor
ThedegreeofBachelorofArts
InHunanUniversityofArtsandScience
ByLiuBo
Supervisor:LiBin
May2016
HunanUniversityofArtsandScience
摘 要
隐喻研究归根到底是隐喻机制的研究,它是隐喻研究的核心.两千多年来,隐喻一直被仅仅看作一种修辞手段,一种语言的陪衬,被看作是两种不同事物事先存在的相似性的比较或一个词对另一词的替代,进而形成对隐喻阐述的比较论和替代论.现代学者通过大量研究表明,隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手段,更重要的是,它是人类的主要认知方式.隐喻这一认知方式,给人们一种新的视角,创造一种相似.因此,现代学者着重于阐述相似是如何被创造出来的.在众多的隐喻理论中,影响较大的有布莱克和莱科夫的隐喻理论.
(大约200字左右)
关 键 词:隐喻,搭配,术语
(中文摘 要的内容和关 键 词应与英文摘 要相对应,关 键 词3-5个,词与词之间用分号分开)
Abstract
Themechaniofmetaphorisactuallythenucleusofthestudyofmetaphor.Formorethantwothousandyears,metaphorwasviewedasadeviceofrhetoric,anattachmenttolanguage.Inaccordancewiththisperspective,metaphorwasaparisonbetweentwothingsthatdonotbelongtothesamecategoryorwasregardedasonewordusedtosubstituteanotherbecausetherewerepreexistingsimilaritiesbetweenthem.Asaresultofthisperspective,twotheoriestookshape:onewastheComparisonTheory,theotherwastheTheoryofSubstitution.Butmodernscholarsdiscardtheperspective,holdingthatmetaphorisnotonlyadeviceofrhetoric,tobemoreimportant,itisaleadingwayforhumanbeingstoknowthisworld,awayofthinking.
Keywords:metaphor,collocation,terms
(注意:关 键 词3-5个,词与词之间用分号分开)
Contents
摘 要等等等等等等等等等等等等.i
Abstract等等等等等等等等等.等等.等等..ii
Introduction等等等等等等等...等等..1
ChapterAHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor等等...等等...2
1.1AristotelianSchool:Metaphor—ADeviceofRhetoric等..等等.2
1.2ThePlatonicSchool—LanguageisMetaphorical等.等等等.5
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Chapter4TheMechaniofMetaphor等.等等等...15
4.1Black'sInteractionTheory等等等等等....................15
4.1.1IntroductiontotheInteractionTheory等等等等...15
4.1.2SomeDefectsoftheInteractionTheory等等等等16
4.2LakoffianConceptualMetaphorTheory等等等等等...19
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Conclusion等等等等.等等等等等等等42
Bibliography等等等等等等等..等等等等等45
Acknowledgements
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Introduction
Thestudyofmetaphorhaslongbeenwithusandthefocusofthestudyisthemechaniofmetaphor.Itisthemostsignificantandindispensablepartofthestudy.Formorethantwothousandyears,thestudyiscarriedonmainlyfromtheperspectiveofrhetoric,viewingmetaphorasadeviceofrhetoric,anembellishmentoflanguage.TherepresentativeofthetheoriesinthislongperiodisAristotle'sComparisonTheoryandQuintilian'sTheoryofSubstitution.Becausemetaphorisnotonlyarhetoricalphenomenon,butalsooneofcognition,theinterpretation等.itioreiofmetaphorthantheothertwo.(以下省略,Introduction部分字数至少需要1个page)
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Chapter1
AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor
1.1AristotelianSchool:Metaphor--ADeviceofRhetoric
AndrewOrtony(1979:3),oneofthemostinfluentialwritersonmetaphor,haspointedout,andtherearefewwhowoulddisagreewithhim,thatitisstillthecasethat"AnyseriousstudyofmetaphorisalmostobligedtostartwiththeworksofAristotle".
InPoetics,Aristotle(350B.C.:71)expoundstheessence,functionandthewayofexplanationofmetaphorasthreenuclei.Hedefineetaphoras"theapplicationofanaliennamebytranerenceeitherfromgenustospecies,orfromspeciestogenus,orfromspeciestospecies,orbyanalogy,thatis,proportion".Thenhegiveourkindsofmetaphor:
Since'lyingatanchor'isaspeciesofthegenus'lying',onecansay'therelieyship'(genus-to-specieetaphor),since'tenthousand'isaspeciesofa'largenumber',onecansayverilytenthousandnobledeedshathOdysseuswrought(species-to-genuetaphor).Since'todrawaway'and'toclee'areeachaspeciesofthegenus'takingaway',onecansaywithbladeofbronzedrewawaythelife(species-to-specieetaphor).Andsinceoldageistolifeaseveningtotheday,onecansaythatoldageistheeveningoflife(ibid.).(此符号ibid.意为同上,引文出处与上相同.)
Allmetaphors,Aristotlebelieves,fallintoatleastoneofthesefourcategories,althoughanalogy等topoetry(ibid.72).Thisperspectiveleadstothelatertheoristakingdistinctionbetweenpoeticlanguageandeverydaylanguage.EspeciallyinChapter21and22ofPoetics,Aristotlestatesthateveryword"iseithercurrent,orstrange,ormetaphor,orornamental,ornewlycoined,orlengthened,orcontracted,oraltered"(ibid.70).ItisobviousthatAristotleclassifieetaphorsaslyingoutsidenormallanguageuse.Theyaredeviantoraberrantformsofdiscourse.Healsoholdsthatmetaphorhasnocognitivevalueandierelyanembellishmentoflanguage(Kittay,1996).Alsointhischapterheelaborateshowmetaphorsareunusual等.Ametaphorcanthereforeonlydescribepreexistingsimilarities.Itcan'tcreatesimilarities(Lakoff&,Johnson,1980:153).(如果在论文中引用同一作者的不同的着作,应加上出版年代以示区别)等等等等等等等等等
Chapter4
TheMechaniofMetaphor
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4.1Black'sInteractionTheory
4.1.1IntroductiontoInteractionTheory
InteractionTheorywasoriginatedfromI.A.Richards'theory.Inhisdefinitionhesays:"Inthesimplestformulation,whenweuseametaphorwehetwothoughtsofdifferentthingsactivetogetherandsupportedbyasingleword,orphrase,whosemeaningisaresultantoftheirinteraction"(Richard,1998:89).Themostimportantinthisdefinitionis"twoactive等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等
4.3TheConceptualIntegrationTheory
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4.3.1AnIntroductiontotheConceptualIntegrationTheory
ConceptualIntegrationTheorywasproposedbyGillesFauconnierandMarkTurner等等等等等
4.3.1.1FourMentalSpaces
InBT,thebasisunitofcognitiveanizationisnotthedomainbutthementalspaces,whichareapartialandtemporaryrepresentationalstructurethatspeakersconstructwhenthinkingortalkingaboutaperceived,imagined,past,present等等等等等等
Conclusion
Thestudyofmetaphoris,inessence,thestudyofhowmetaphorworks.Itisthenucleusofmetaphorstudy.Modernscholarsdiscardtheperspectivethatmetaphorisadeviceofrhetoric,anattachmenttolanguage,andclaimthatmetaphorisofcognitionandisomnipresent,itisawayofhumanthinking.Moreover,theyholdthatmetaphorcreatessimilarityinsteadofparingtwothingswhicharebasedonthepreexistingsimilarity.Hence,themechaniofmetaphoristointerprethowsimilarityiscreated.Black'stheoryandLakoffiantheory,duetosomedefectsanddeficiencies,arenotabletogiveacleardescriptionofthecreationofsimilarity.Theyendeortoexpoundtheappearanceofanewstructureafteranovelmetaphor,buttheyfailtodothatandresultin"isomorphi".
Themechaniofmetaphorissophisticated.Itisaresultofvariouactors.Interacting,projectingandblendingconstitutetheprocess.ItisobviousthatBT,onthebasisofthetwoabove-mentionedtheories,focusesonsolvingtheproblemofthe"isomorphi"-structure.Tooidmittingthesamemistakethatalltheknowledge,thefeatureappedfromthesourcedomainandthestructure(topology)ofthetargetdomainareinterwoven等.(Conclusion部分字数至少需要1个page
Bibliography
Belletti,A.Thecaseofunaccusatives[J].LinguisticInquiry.1988(19):1-34.
Stowell,Timothy.OriginsofPhraseStructure[D].Cambridge,Mass.:MIT,1981
Williams,E.GovernmentandBindingTheoryandtheMinimalistProgram[M].Oxford:Blackwell.1984.
黄和斌,戴秀华.从IP/CP分析法看若干英语结构[J].外国语,1999(5):25-31.
石毓智.语法的认知语义基础[M].南昌:江西教育出版社,2000.
章振邦.新编英语语法[M].上海:外语教育出版社,1997
Acknowledgements
Iheeternalgratitudeto等,mytutor,forhisinestimablehelpandvaluableinstruction,andtoProfessor等,forhisinsightfullectures,whichinspiremetoposethisdissertation.
IamgreatlyindebtedtoProfessor等forhisallowingmetoheaccesstohisbookspertinenttothisdissertation.
IalsothankthosewhohelpmeincourseofthewritingandwhosenamesIcan'tlisthereonebyone.
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B.A.ThesisIntroduction
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B.A.ThesisChapter1AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor
B.A.ThesisChapter4TheMechaniofMetaphor
B.A.ThesisConclusion
B.A.ThesisBibliography
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