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Pasteur
LouisPasteurwasbornonDecember27,1822inDole,intheregionofJura,France.Hisdiscoverythatmostinfectiousdiseasesarecausedbygerms,knownasthe"germtheoryofdisease",isoneofthemostimportantinmedicalhistory.Hisworkbecamethefoundationforthescienceofmicrobiology,andacornerstoneofmodernmedicine.
Pasteur'sphenomenalcontributionstomicrobiologyandmedicinecanbesummarizedaollows.First,hechampionedchangesinhospitalpracticestominimizethespreadofdiseasebymicrobes.Second,hediscoveredthatweakenedformsofamicrobecouldbeusedasanimmunizationagainstmorevirulentformsofthemicrobe.Third,Pasteurfoundthatrabieswastranittedbyagentssoalltheycouldnotbeseenunderamicroscope,thusrevealingtheworldofviruses.Asaresulthedevelopedtechniquestovaccinatedogsagainstrabies,andtotreathumansbittenbyrabiddogs.Andfourth,Pasteurdeveloped"pasteurization",aprocessbywhichharmfulmicrobesinperishablefoodproductsaredestroyedusingheat,withoutdestroyingthefood.
HisWorks
EachdiscoveryinthebodyofPasteur'sworkrepresentsalinkinanuninterruptedchain,beginningwithmolecularasymmetryandendingwithhisrabiesprophylaxis,bywayofhisresearchinfermentation,silkworm,wineandbeerdiseases,asepsisandvaccines.
FromCrystallographytoMolecularAsymmetry
In1847attheageof26,Pasteurdidhiirstworkonmolecularasymmetry,bringingtogethertheprinciplesofcrystallography,chemistryandoptics.Heformulatedafundamentallaw:asymmetrydifferentiatestheanicworldfromthemineralworld.Inotherwords,asymmetricmoleculesarealwaystheproductoflifeforces.Hisworkbecamethebasisofanewscience--stereochemistry.
ResearchonFermentationandSpontaneousGeneration
AttherequestofadistillernamedBigofromthenorthofFrance,Pasteurbegantoexaminewhyalcoholbeescontaminatedwithundesirablesubstancesduringfermentation.Hesoondemonstratedthateachsortoffermentationislinkedtotheexistenceofaspecificmicroaniorferment--alivingbeingthatonecanstudybycultivationinanappropriate,sterilemedium.Thisinsightisthebasisofmicrobiology.
Pasteurdeliveredthefatalblowtothedoctrineofspontaneousgeneration,thetheoryheldfor20centuriesthatlifecouldarisespontaneouslyinanicmaterials.Healsodevelopedagermtheory.Atthesametime,hediscoveredtheexistenceoflifewithoutoxygen:
"Fermentationistheconsequenceoflifewithoutair".Thediscoveryofanaerobiclifepedthewayforthestudyofgermsthatcausesepticemiaandgangrene,amongotherinfections.ThankstoPasteur,itbecamepossibletodevisetechniquestokillmicrobesandtocontrolcontamination.
Techniqueof"Pasteurization"
EmperorNapoleonIIIaskedPasteurtoinvestigatethediseasesafflictingwinewhichwerecausingconsiderableeconomiclossestothewineindustry.PasteurwenttoineyardinArboisin1864tostudythisproblem.Hedemonstratedthatwinediseasesarecausedbymicroanisthatcanbekilledbyheatingthewineto55deg.Cforseveralminutes.Appliedtobeerandmilk,thisprocess,called"pasteurization",sooncameintousethroughouttheworld.
ResearchonInfectiousDiseasesAfflictingManandAnimal
In1865,PasteurbegantostudythesilkwormdiseasesthatwerecripplingthesilkindustryinFrance.Hediscoveredtheinfectiousagentsandrevealedthemannerinwhichtheseagentsaretranitted--bycontagionandhereditaryprinciple--andhowtopreventthem.Elaboratingonhisstudyoffermentation,hecouldnowconfirmthateachdiseaseiscausedbyaspecificmicrobeandthatthesemicrobesareforeignelements.Withthisknowledge,Pasteurwasabletoestablishthebasicrulesofsterilizationorasepsis.Preventingcontagionandinfection,hiethodofsterilizationrevolutionizedsurgeryandobstetrics.
From1877to1887,Pasteuremployedthesefundamentalsofmicrobiologyinthebattleagainstinfectiousdiseases.Hewentontodiscoverthreebacteriaresponsibleforhumanillnesses:staphylococcus,streptococcusandpneumococcus.
TreatmentandPreventionofRabies
LouisPasteurdiscoveredthemethodfortheattenuationofvirulentmicroanisthatisthebasisofvaccination.Hedevelopedvaccinesagainstchickencholera,anthraxandswineerysipelas.Aftermasteringhiethodofvaccination,heappliedthisconcepttorabies.OnJuly6,1885,Pasteurtestedhispioneeringrabiestreatmentonmanforthefirsttime:theyoungJosephMeisterwassed.
TheCreationofthePasteurInstitute
OnMarch1,1886,PasteurpresentedtheresultsofhisrabiestreatmenttotheAcademyofSciencesandcalledforthecreationofarabiesvaccinecenter.Anextensive,internationalpublicdriveforfundinancedtheconstructionofthePasteurInstitute,aprivate,state-approvedinstituterecognizedbythePresidentofFrance,JulesGrévy,in1887andinauguratedbyhissuccessorSadiCarnotin1888.InaccordancewithPasteur'swishes,theInstitutewaoundedasaclinicforrabiestreatment,aresearchcenterforinfectiousdiseaseandateachingcenter.
The66-year-oldscientistwentontodedicatethelastsevenyearsofhislifetotheInstitutethatstillbearshisname.Duringthisperiod,Pasteuralsocametoknowthejoysoffameandwashonoredthroughouttheworldwithprestigiousdecorations.
Hisworkwascontinuedandamplifiedthroughouttheworldbyhisdisciples,thePasteuriens.
AManofFreedomandRigor
Pasteur'sworkisnotsimplythesumofhisdiscoveries.Italsorepresentstherevolutionofscientificmethodology.Pasteursuperimposedtwoindisputablerulesofmodernresearch:thefreedomofcreativeimaginationnecessarilysubjectedtorigorousexperimentation.Hewouldteachhisdisciples:
"Donotputforwardanythingthatyoucannotprovebyexperimentation"
LouisPasteurwasahumanist,alwaysworkingtowardstheimprovementofthehumancondition.Hewasafreemanwhoneverhesitatedtotakeissuewiththeprevailingyetfalseideasofhistime.
Heascribedparticularimportancetothespreadofknowledgeandtheapplicationsofresearch.
Inthescientist'slifetime,PasteurientheoryandmethodwereputintousewellbeyondthebordersofFrance.
Fullyawareoftheinternationalimportanceofhiswork,Pasteur'sdisciplesdispersedthemselveswherevertheirassistancewasneeded.In1891,thefirstForeignInstitutPasteurwaoundedinSaigon(todayHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam)launchingwhatwastobeeastinternationalworkofInstitutsPasteur.
Becausehechangedtheworldforever,hishomelandandtheworldhelongconsideredhimabenefactorofhumanity.
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