2016年考研英语一试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
In1924American'NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Instead,thestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect",theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects'behior.
Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behiorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment,___7_sometingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers'behior____10____itself.
Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore_12__thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic_13__waoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.
Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentaybeheletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output__16___roseparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__,aparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown.
1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored
2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off
3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof
4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous
5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assesents
6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work
7.[A]aaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas
8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion
9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant
10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by
11.[A]pared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed
12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]pealliarto
13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source
14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading
15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual
16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly
17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued
20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hiting
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
OfallthechangesthathetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.
Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheeragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticicouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticipublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.
WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarⅡ,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticiwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournaliasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournali,"Newmanwrote,"thatIamtemptedtodefine'journali'as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare'."
Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyfotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'oremostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsetospecialists.
IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticiwillenjoyarevivalTheprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticihasbeeninheadlongretreat.
21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that
[A]artscriticihasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.
[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.
[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.
[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticiondailies.
22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeworldwarⅡwerecharacterizedby
[A]freethemes.
[B]casualstyle.
[C]elaboratelayout.
[D]radicalviewpoints.
23.whichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon
[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.
[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.
[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournali.
[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.
24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs
[A]Hiusiccriticimaynotappealtoreaderstoday.
[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.
[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.
[D]Hiswritingailtofollowtheamateurtradition.
25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays.
[B]ThelostHorizoninNewspapers.
[C]MournfulDeclineofJournali.
[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory.
Text2
Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinesethods.Amazon.receivedoneforits"one-click"onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.
Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearspletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealorthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is"erybigdeal",saysDennis'D.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents."
Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginterpaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedpaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasiorgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentorfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.
TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsstatestreetBankruling.
TheFederalCircuit'sactionesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCountthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionorpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtotheanti_patenttrendatthesupremecourt",saysHaroleC.wegner,apartendattorneyandprofessorataeeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.
26.Business-methodpatentsherecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof
[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness
[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation
[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting
[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase
[A]Itsrulingplieswiththecourtdecisions
[B]Itinvolveserybigbusinesstransaction
[C]IthasbeendiissedbytheFederalCircuit
[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.
28.Theword"about-face"(Line1,Paro3)mostprobablymeans
[A]lossofgoodwill
[B]increaseofhostility
[C]changeofattitude
[D]enhancementofdignity
29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents
[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges
[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued
[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders
[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks
30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext
[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents
[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders
[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents
[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents
Text3
InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelypelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.
Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderiveromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"twostepflowofmunication":Informationflowromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketersheembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcauseindsthatsomeallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends
Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchersheeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredofall.
Theresearchers'argumentstemromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon,andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleintheworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.
Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecall"globalcascades"-thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughworks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhowinfluentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscriticalmassisailabletopropagateachainreaction.
31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto
[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics
[B]discussinfluentials'functioninspreadingideas
[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics
[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.
32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"two-step-flowtheory"
[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems
[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends
[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials
[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity
33.whattheresearchersheobservedrecentlyshowsthat
[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions
[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia
[C]influentialshemorechannelstoreachthepublic
[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention
34.Theunderlinedphrase"thesepeople"inparagraph4referstotheoneswho
[A]stayoutsidetheworkofsocialinfluence
[B]helittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence
[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers
[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential
35.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence
[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted
[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers
[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced
[D]Theinclinationtorelyonothers
Text4
Bankershebeenblamingthemselveortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,heforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.
Unfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingpromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.
AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegebankorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirinestatement.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives."Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls"theuseofjudgmentbymanagement."
EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitpletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeanmissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.
Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongpla,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetorfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.
Togetthesystemworkingagain,losseustberecognizedanddealtwith.America'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbankarkassetstolevelswhichbuyerindattractive.Succesulmarketsrequireindependentandevenbativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityformspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.
36.Bankersplainedthattheywereforcedto
[A]followunforableassetevaluationrules
[B]collectpaymentromthirdparties
[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers
[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.
37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin
[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement
[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem
[C]thebanks'long-termassetlosses
[D]theweakeningofitsindependence
38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'sattemptto
[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.
[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.
[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.
[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.
39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere"onthewrongpla"inthatthey
[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators
[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets
[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.
[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.
40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof
[A]satiaction.
[B]skeptici.
[C]objectiveness
[D]sympathy
PartB
Directions:
ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout,theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,paredwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.
[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershealreadytriede-merce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallheignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.
[C]WillsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarketDefinitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.
[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitablyapplytheirscale,existinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthemanagementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketingintelligence.RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthepetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailerustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitieightunseatallerbutentrenchedpetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinesodelsareneededtoo.
[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathebeencloselyexamined-France,Germany,Italy,andSpain-aremadeoutofthesamebuildingblocks.Demandeainlyfromtwosources:independentmom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwoalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhentheydon'teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcaterinentures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas"horeca":hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe'swholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.
[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksaleseto$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,erageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail,wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyaoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften,andchangesinthepetitivedynamicsofthiragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.
[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains.
PartC
Directions:
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandmunityhenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticmunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.
Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit,weinventexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofthecenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdailedtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.
Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehenolandethicyet,(47)butweheatleastdrawnnearerthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.
Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon"worthless"species.Hereagain,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehearthemorehonestargumentthatpredatorsaremembersofthemunity,andthatnospecialinteresthastherighttoexterminatethemforthesakeofabenefit,realorfancied,toitself.
Somespeciesoftreehebeen"readoutoftheparty"byeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhetoolowasalevaluetopayastimbercrops.(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenonmercialtreespeciesarerecognizedaembersofnativeforestmunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.Moreover,somehebeenfoundtohealuablefunctioninbuildingupsoilfertility.Theinterdependenceoftheforestanditsconstituenttreespecies,groundflora,andfaunaistakenforgranted.
Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandmunitythatlackmercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.
SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)
1.A2.B3..B5.C6.B7.D8.A9.C10.D11.C12.A13.A14.D15.B16.A17.D18.C19.B20.DSectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)
21.B22.A23.D24.A25.B26.C27.D28.C29.B30.A31.B32.D33.A34.C35.C36.A37.D38.C39.B40.DPartB(10points)
41.B42.F43.D44.G45.APartC(10points)
46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据来补救,大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制昆虫数量的话,昆虫就会把我们吃光.
47.但是我们至少更倾向于承认这样一种观点:那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利,不管其存在与否对我们是否有经济利益.
48.曾几何时,生物学家似乎过度使用了以下这条证据:这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或只捕食"没有价值的"物种.
49.在生态林业较为先进的欧洲,没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护.
50.这个系统容易忽视并最终消灭陆地群落中很多缺乏商业价值的物种,然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的.
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