文一定要有摘要吗山东

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山东建筑大学本科毕业设计(论文)英文摘 要撰写指南

为进一步规范本科毕业设计(论文)英语摘 要的写作,提高撰写质量,特制定《山东建筑大学本科毕业设计(论文)英文摘 要撰写指南》,供撰写英文摘 要时参考.

一、英文摘 要撰写的几条原则

1.汉英对译原则

中英文摘 要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性,从毕业生所撰写的英语摘 要来看,存在两个误区,一是认为内容"差不多就行"或为了"好写",在英文摘 要中随意删去中文摘 要的重点内容,或随意增补中文摘 要所未提及的内容,造成文摘重心转移,二是认为英文摘 要是中文摘 要的硬性对译,对中文摘 要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往造成英文摘 要用词累赘,重复,拖沓,冗长.英文摘 要应严格,全面的表达中文摘 要的内容,不能随意增删,但也不意味着一个字也不能改动,可有所出入.

2.行文风格

英文摘 要的内容要求与中文摘 要一样,一般包括目的,方法,结果和结论四部分.英文摘 要的撰写应简明扼要,不属于上述"四部分"的内容不必写入.比如,在撰写英文摘 要时可写出方法名称,而不必描述其操作步骤.另外,在写作英文摘 要时,要避免过于笼统的,空洞无物的一般论述和结论.要尽量利用文章中的最具体的语言来阐述你的方法,过程,结果和结论,这样既可以给读者一个清晰的思路,又可以使你的论述言之有物,有根有据,使读者对你的工作有一个清晰,全面的了解.

3.特殊字符

特殊字符主要是指各种数学符号,上下脚标及希腊字母.在摘 要中尽量少用或不用特殊字符及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式,改用文字表达或文字叙述.缩写字及首字母缩写词,如radar,laser,CADreview,summarize,present,outline,describe等,例如:

原句:Wereviewevidenceforthisviewofaddictionanddiscussitsimplicationorunderstandingthepsychologyandneurobiologyofaddiction.

被动:Evidenceisreviewedforthisviewofaddictionanditsimplicationsarediscussedforunderstandingthepsychologyandneurobiologyofaddiction.(注意被动转换句子结构的调整,相对讲,主语不能太长,谓语不能太短,要平衡调整) 原句:Thispaperoutlinessomeofthebasicmethodsandstrategiesanddiscussessomerelatedtheoreticalandpracticalissues.

被动:Outlinedaresomeofthebasicmethodsandstrategiesanddiscussearesomerelatedtheoreticalandpracticalissuesinthispaper.(如果换成被动就会头重脚轻,用倒装平衡)

(2)阐明写作或研究目.常用purpose,attempt,aim等另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达,如:

Weattempttorecoverafunctionofunknownoothnesromnoisysampleddata.ToinvestigatethemechaniofBcl-2'seffect,weexaminedwhetherBcl-2interactedwithotherproteins.

(3)提出重点内容或研究范围.常用study,present,include,focus,emphasize,emphasis,attention等,例如Herewestudythedependenceofapoptosisonp53expressionincellromthethymuscortex.

ThisarticleincludesabriefreviewofthephysicsunderlyingHERWIG,followedbyadescriptionoftheprogramitself.

2.方法部分

介绍研究或试验过程.常用test,study,investigate,examine,experiment,discuss,consider,analyze,analysis等,例如: 原句:WeuseN-bodysimulationstoinvestigatethestructureofdarkhalosinthestandardcolddarkmattercoogony.

被动:N-bodysimulationsareusedtoinvestigatethestructureofdarkhalosinthestandardcolddarkmattercoogony.(此处被动好于主动) 原句:Wepresentananalysisofatmosphericneutrinodatafroma33.0ktonyr(535-day)exposureoftheSuper-Kamiokandedetector.

被动:Ananalysisispresentedofatmosphericneutrinodatafroma33.0ktonyr(535-day)exposureoftheSuper-Kamiokandedetector.(主语割裂式平衡) (2)说明研究或试验方法.常用词汇有:measure,estimate,calculate等,例如: 原句:Wehedevelopedaglobalmodeltoestimateemissionsofvolatileanicpoundromnaturalsources(NVOC). 被动割裂:Aglobalmodelisdevelopedtoestimateemissionsofvolatileanicpoundromnaturalsources(NVOC). (3)介绍应用,用途.常用use,apply,application等,例如:

:Ourprogramusesamaximumlikelihoodapproachandisbasedonversion3.3ofFelsenstein'sdnamlprogram.

被动转换:Basedonversion3.3ofFelsenstein'sdnamlprogram,amaximumlikelihoodapproachisusedinOurprogram.

Asanapplication,weimplementapactimagecodingalgorithmthatselectsimportantedgesandpressestheimagedatabyfactorsover30. 3.结果部分 展示研究结果.常用show,result,present等,例如:

Weshowthiscelldeathtobedependentuponexpressionofc-mycproteinandtooccurbyapoptosis. 原句:Ourresultssuggestawidespreadroleforthenitricoxide-cyclicguanosinemonophosphatesysteminthenervoussystem. 被动:Awidespreadroleforthenitricoxide-cyclicguanosinemonophosphatesysteminthenervoussystemissuggestedinourresults.

这是常犯的中式英语,头重脚轻,稍调即可:

Awidespreadroleissuggestedinourresultorthenitricoxide-cyclicguanosinemonophosphatesysteminthenervoussystem (2)介绍结论.常用summary,introduce,conclude等,例如: Bymeansofinformalmathematicalarguments,simulationsandaseriesofworkedexamples,weconcludethatPQLisofpracticalvalueforapproximateinferenceonparametersandrealizationsofrandomeffectsinthehierarchicalmodel. 4.讨论部分陈述论文的论点和作者的观点.常用suggest,report,present,explain,expect,describe等,例如: Theresultssuggestthatabnormalitiesinmalesexdevelopmentinducedbyp,p'-DDEandrelatedenvironmentalchemicalaybemediatedattheleveloftheandrogenreceptor. Inthisstudy,wedescribeapsychobiologicalmodelofthestructureanddevelopmentofpersonalitythataccountordimensionsofbothtemperamentandcharacter. (2)阐明论证.常用support,provide,indicate,identify,find,demonstrate,confirm,clarify等.例如:

Weshowedthatitispossibletoidentifyconstituentswhichrepresentonly1%ofthetotalpopulation. Theseresultsdemonstratethatp53isrequiredforradiation-inducedcelldeathinthethymusbutisnotnecessaryforallformsofapoptosis.

(3)推荐和建议.常用suggest,suggestion,remend,propose,expect,remendation,necessity,necessary等,例如: Theauthorssuggestthatthemostpromisingroutetoeffectivestrategieorthepreventionofadolescentalcoholandotherdrugproblemsisthrougharisk-focusedapproach.

Abstract:①AccordingtodesigningassignmentofDongshanriver,twoprojectsareprovided.②Oneisprestressedconcretesimplysupportedboxbeambridge.TheotherisprestressedconcretesimplysupportedTbeambridge.③Inlinewiththeruleof"safe,economical,practicalandartistic",theprestressedconcretesimplysupportedboxbeambridgeissuggestedfinally.④Thesuggestedbridgeiscalculatedandanalyzedfully.⑤Liveloadisdeterminedwithtrersecoefficient.Beamforceofupstructureisgotandprestressedsteelbarisconfirmed.Beamstrengthandstresscheckingcalculationsareproceeded.Trersebeamandsurfaceplateareanalyzedandcheckingcalculated.Piers,bentsandfoundationsoflowstructurearecalculatedforforceandanalyzed.⑦(a)Inthesametime,fullconstruction⑦(b)drawingsaredrawnaccordingtothecalculationresult.

Keywords:⑧Prestressedconcretesimplysupportedbeambridge,steelbardeployment,strength,stress

参考翻译:(SuggestedAbstract)

Abstract:TwoprojectsareprovidedaccordingtodesigningassignmentofDongshanRiverBridge.OneisboxbeambridgesimplysupportedbyprestressedconcreteandtheotherisTbeambridgealsosimplysupportedbyprestressedconcrete.Theboxbeambridgeiinallydecidedinlinewiththeruleof"safety,economy,practicalityandartisticdecoration".Dataregardingtheagreedbridgearefullycalculatedandanalyzed:liveloadisdeterminedwithreferencetotrersecoefficient,beamforceofupperstructureiiguredoutandprestressedsteelbarisconfirmed.Checkingcalculationsareproceededforbeamstrengthandstress,analysisandcheckingcalculationsaremadeofTrersebeamandsurfaceplate.Andthencalculatedandanalyzedistheforceofpiers,bentsandfoundationsoflowerstructure.Meanwhile,fullconstructiondrawingsarelaidoutaccordingtothecalculationresults.

Keywords:beambridge,prestressedconcretesupport,steelbar,strength&,stress

样例二:

洛水市洛神工业园区给水工程设计

摘 要:本设计为洛水市洛神工业园区给水工程设计,主要包括给水管网和给水处理厂的设计.设计水量9×104m3/d,根据工业园区的地形及水量,在工业园区的给水管网设计中,选择环状网配水系统,增加供水的可靠性.通过最高时管网平差以及消防时和事故时管网平差校核计算,确定了管网的布置和水力参数.本设计为高浊度水源,根据原水水质特点,选择了常规处理工艺,即:原水→预沉→混凝→沉淀→过滤→消毒→用户.主要构筑物为:幅流式沉淀池,往复隔板絮凝池,平流式沉淀池和普通快滤池.水厂布置采用了直线型.

关 键 词:城市管网,给水厂,处理工艺,高浊度

Abstract:①Thisisawatersupplyengineeringdesignincludingwatersupplypipeworkdesign&,watersupplytreatmentdesigninLuoshenIndustryDistrictofLuoshuicity.②InordertoincreasereliabilityofwatersupplyringworklayoutandhydraulicparameterweredefinitedbyCheck&,calculationofpipeworkadjustmentwhenwaterconsumptionwereatthePeak,firefighting&,accidenttime③Accordingtotherawwaterqualitycharacteristicofhighturbidityconventionalwatertreatmenttechnology,whichwas:rawwater→theprimarysedimentation→flocculation&,coagulation→filtration→disinfection→consumer,wasdeterminedinwatersupplytreatmentdesign.④Themainstructuresincluderadialflowsettlingtank,reciprocationbaffledflocculationtank,horizontalflowsettlingtank&,conventionallyrapidfilter.ThestraightlinetypelayoutwasappliedintheWaterSupplePlant.

KeyWords:citypipework,WaterSupplePlant,treatmenttechnology,Highturbidity

参考翻译:(SuggestedAbstract)

Abstract:Thisisadesignofwatersupplyengineering,includingwater-supplypipeworkdesign&,water-supplytreatmentdesignforLuoshenIndustryDistrictinLuoshuiCity.Inordertoincreasethereliabilityofwatersupply,aringworklayoutwasadoptedwithreferencetothelocallandformandwateroutput,anda9×104m3/dwateroutputispreferred.Thepipeworklayoutandhydraulicparametersweredeterminedbycheckingthepipeworkadjustmenthappeningatthepeakhouronmaximumdayandfirefightingoraccidentaltime.Accordingtothequalitycharacteristicofhighturbidityoftherawwater,aconventionalwatertreatmentprocesswasused,whichwas:rawwater→theprimarysedimentation→flocculation&,coagulation→filtration→disinfection→consumer.Themainstructuresconsistofradialflowsettlingtank,reciprocationbaffledflocculationtank,horizontalflowsettlingtank&,conventionalrapidfilter.Thestraightlinelayoutwaschoseninthiswaterworks.

KeyWords:citypipework,waterworks,treatmentprocess,highturbidity

样例三:

焊接应力对奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头耐腐蚀性的影响

摘 要:课题首先确定了奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头在硫酸-硫酸铁中腐蚀率变化最缓慢的时间为煮沸1.5h,并发现了奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头的腐蚀率随腐蚀时间的延长而下降,且下降的幅度越来越小,直至趋于平稳.同时研究采用了对奥氏体不锈钢焊接接头进行部分去应力和完全去应力等热处理工艺,结果发现,部分去应力可显着提高接头的耐蚀性,而完全去应力因加热温度过高而导致组织粗大耐腐蚀性下,而固溶处理却不能有效提高其耐腐蚀性.

关 键 词:晶间腐蚀,贫铬理论,敏化处理,固溶处理

Abstract:①Thetopichadfirstdeterminedtheaustenitestainlesssteelweldjointthecorrosionratechangeslowesttimeforboils1.5hinthesulfuricacid-ironsulfate,sulfateofironandhaddiscoveredtheaustenitestainlesssteelweldjointcorrosionratelengthensalongwiththecorrosiontimedrops,alsothedropscopeioreandmoreall,untiltendstosteadily.②Simultaneouslystudieduseshascarriedontotheaustenitestainlesssteelweldjointpartiallystressheattreatmentcraftandsoongoestothestressandpletelygoesto,finallydiscovered,thepartwenttothestresstobepossibleremarkablytoenhancetheattachmentAnti-corrosiveperformance,butpletelywenttothestressbecauseoftoheatupthehyperpyrexiatocauseundertheanizationthickinoxidizability,butthesolidsolutiontreatmentactuallycouldnoteffectivelyenhanceitsAnti-corrosiveperformance.

Keywords:intercrystallinecorrosion,poorchromiumtheory/sensitizationprocessing,meltingplacehollowpieceofjade

参考翻译:(SuggestedAbstract)

Abstract:Thiindingofthisstudyascertainsthat1.5histheslowestcorrosionrateconversionoftheaustenitestainlesssteelweldjointinboilingsulfuricacid-sulfateofiron,andthatthecorrosionrateoftheaustenitestainlesssteelweldjointgoesdownovertimeandthescopeofgoingdownisgettingallerandalleruntilit'salmoststeady.Someheattreatmenttechnologies,suchasthespotannealingandpleteannealingoftheaustenitestainlesssteelweldjoint,arestudiedandthefindingprovesthatthecorrosionresistanceoftheweldjointcouldberemarkablyincreasedbylocalannealing,whilepleteannealingwouldresultinthedecreaseofcorrosionresistanceduetothecoarsemicrostructurecausedbyoverheating,andsolutionheattreatmentcouldnoteffectivelyincreaseitscorrosionresistance.

Keywords:intercrystallinecorrosion,chromium-depletedtheory,sensitizationprocess,solutionheattreatment

样例四:

回转塔式起重机实验台设计

摘 要:高速大吨位起重机大量用于制造业,港口运输业和建筑业,目前是以人工操作为主,自动化程度低.为了有效解决实现起重机自动化的关键技术问题,建立回转塔式起重机实验台,用于研究起重机动力学和控制策略的有效性.回转塔式起重机实验台由回转机构和变幅机构组成,模拟回转塔式起重机的变幅运动和回转运动.本文确定回转塔式起重机试验台的总体结构方案,确定变幅运动和回转运动的传动方案,设计和计算变幅运动的驱动部分,传动部分,起重臂,平衡臂,塔冒和小车.这一试验台的建立对实现起重机自动化,提高工作效率,安全性,可靠性有着重要的意义和价值.


关 键 词:回转塔式起重机,伺服系统,同步带传动

Abstract:①Highspeedandlargetonnagecranesarewidelyusedinmanufacturing,harbortransportandbuildingconstruction,butmostofthecranesarerunbymanualoperationandtheautomationextentofthemisverylow.②Tosolvethekeytechniquetorealizecraneautomation,asetofexperimentsystemforrotarytowercanesisbuilt,inwhuchthecorrectnessofthedynamicodelsofcranesandthevalidityoftheproposedcontrolstrategiesareprovenbytheexperimentalsystem.③Theexperimentsystemisconsistedoftranerringmachineandrotarymachine,tosimulatethemotionoftranerringmachineandrotarymachine.④Thispaperdecideswholeframeschemeandthedrivingschemesoftranerringmotionandrotarymotion.⑤Thepaperdesignedandcalculatesthedrivingsectionandtranerringsection,hoistingandbalancingarms,towercapanddollyoftherotarytowercraneexperimentalsystem.⑥Thesettingupofthesystemisofpracticeimportanceforrealizingcraneautomationandimprovingefficiency,securityandreliabilityofcraneoperation.⑦Theexpiration.⑧Theexperimentalsystemmainlysimulatesthetransversalandrotarymotionsofrotarytowercranes.

Keywords:rotarytowercrane,servosystem,synchronizingbelttranission

参考翻译:(SuggestedAbstract)

Abstract:High-speedandbig-tonnagecranesarewidelyusedinmanufacturing,harbortransportationandconstruction,butmostofthecranesareoperatedmanuallywithlowautomatization.Tocopewiththekeytechnologyandrealizetheautomation,anexperimentalsystemforrotarytowercranesissetupsothatthevalidityofcranedynamicsandproposedcontrolstrategiescouldbeexperimented.Theexperimentalsystemconsistsofarotarymechaniandaluffingmechaniandisusedforthesimulationofluffingmotionandrotatingmotion.Notonlytheoverallschemefortheframeofthissystemisdetermined,butalsotheschemefortranissionofluffingmotionandrotatingmotionisdone.Inaddition,thedesignandcalculationsaredonefordriving,tranitting,hoisting,balancingjib,towercapanddollyofluffingmotion.Theerectionofthesystemisvaluableandsignificantforthecraneinitsautomatization,efficiency,safetyandreliability.

Keywords:rotarytowercrane,servosystem,synchronizingbelttranission

样例五:

高校学生收费管理系统的设计与实现

摘 要:针对当前高校学生收费的管理情况,介绍了高校学生收费管理系统的设计与实现.高校学生收费管理系统旨在解决当前学校中所面临的的学生缴费困难,收费流程复杂和查询系统困难等问题.主要采用了SQLServer2000数据库和Delphi开发技术,设计了学校信息管理,学生信息管理,收费标准管理,财务管理,系统管理和查询7大功能模块,实现了学生应收,实收和欠收款的处理,查询,统计,数据导入/导出和维护等功能.

关 键 词:高校学生收费管理系统,批量操作,收费业务,数据导入/导出

参考翻译:(SuggestedAbstract)

Abstract:Thethesiselaboratesonthedesignandapplicationofcollegestudents'charge-managementsystem,whichaimsatoveringtheobstaclesthatcollegestudenteetinpayingtuitionandfees,simplifyingtheplexityofchargeflowandsolvingthedifficultiesinaccountcheckingandstatistics.AdoptingSQLServer2000databaseandDelphidevelopmenttechniques,theresearcherdesigned7modules—login,collegeinformationmanagement,studentinformationmanagement,chargingstandardmanagement,financialmanagement,systemmanagement,andenquiry,thusenablingthepresentsystemtoperformthefunctionsofhandling,enquiringandcalculatingthestudents'receivables/collections/receivablesowed,andtocarryoutdatainput/outputandmaintenance.

Keywords:collegestudents'charge-managementsystem,charge,datainput/output

样例六:

P城燃气管网规划

摘 要:本文结合P城的实际情况,确定该城市的燃气供应原则和供气量.同时经过技术经济比较确定该城市燃气管网为中压一级系统,起点压力为4kg,并且为了提高供气的可靠性将城市管网布置成环网,力求技术先进,投资,运行经济.结合实际工作中遇到的困难,特利用Autolisp开发了一个水利计算图自动绘制的程序,实现人机对话,便于方案的调整,节省工作时间,提高工作效率.

关 键 词:燃气管网,规划水利计算图,Autolisp

参考翻译:(SuggestedAbstract)

Abstract:ThegassupplyprincipleandamountwereworkedoutaccordingtotheactualconditionoftheCityofP.Thegasdistributionworkwasdeterminedtobeamedium-pressureoneclasssystemwiththeinitialpressureof4kgbymakingparisonseconomicallyandtechnically.Besides,theworkwaslaidinringsoastoimprovethestabilityofgassupplyandensuretheeconomyofinvestmentandoperation.AprogramforhydrauliccalculationdiagramwasdevelopedusingAutolisp,thepurposesofwhicharetosolvetheproblemsintheproject,torealizeman-machineconversationandtoimproveworkingefficiency.

Keywords:gasdistributionwork,planning,hydrauliccalculationdiagram,Autolisp

样例七:

禹城市新城中心区城市设计

摘 要:在对禹城市总体规划的理解及现状调研基础上,新城中心区城市计划提出了"穿越时空,融入自然"的设计理念.对新城中心区的整体结构与城市形态进行了深入地探讨,规划南北空间轴线与呼吁老城的时间之轴以及联络东西的商业连绵带,作为本案的核心设计思想.并提出了实施的相关建议与措施.

关 键 词:城市设计,城市肌理,时间之轴,空间之轴

参考翻译:(SuggestedAbstract)

Abstract:Thedesignprincipleofcrossingthetimeandspace,andmeltingintothenaturewasproposedindesigningthenewcitycenterofYuchengbasedonananalysisofthecity'soverallprogrammingandaninvestigationintothecity'spresentcondition.Afterexploringtheoveralltextureandappearanceofthenewcitycenter,thecoredesignthoughtestablishedwastheplanningofthespaceaxesbetweenXuanwuLakeinthenorthandZhuqueLakeinthesouth,ofthetimeaxesthatechotheoldcity,andofthebusinessbeltconnectingtheeastwiththewest.Finally,therelatedproposalsandmeasuresconcerningthedesignimplementationwerediscussed.

Keywords:citydesign,citytexture,axisoftime,axisofspace

样例八:

VCT到MAPINFO数据格式转换实现

摘 要:数据格式转换是当前国土资源信息建设面临的一个重要难题之一.本文首先介绍了土地利用空间矢量数据格式与目前常用的GIS软件MAPINFO数据格式,然后对比分析两种数据格式之间的差异性和共同点,在MAPINFO提供的二次开发语言MapBasic的基础上编程,实现由VCT数据格式到MAPINFO数据格式的转换,最后应用于实际情况看其转换效果.

关 键 词:MAPINFO数据格式,中国地球空间数据格式,转换

参考翻译:(SuggestedAbstract)

Abstract:DataformatconversionisoneofthemostimportantproblemsinthefieldoflandandnaturalresourcesinformationconstructioninChinaatpresent.TheresearcherfirstintroducesVCTdataformatandthepopularGISsoftwareMAPINFOdataformat,andthenparesthedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthetwoformats,andrealizestheconversionfromVCTdataformattoMAPINFOdataformatbydevelopingaprogrambasedonMapBasic,andfinallypresentstheapplicationandtheresultsoftheconversion.

Keywords:MAPINFOdataformat,VCTdataformat,conversion

2

介词短语后移平衡句子,是"桥"不是"河"的设计

Beam修饰语太长

词性错,主语长显头重脚轻

"桥不能被计算",应为有关桥的数据被计算与分析

几句缺乏联系手段,逻辑联系不严密

亦缺乏联系手段

①改为meanwhile,②英语中典型的repitition

第1个关 键 词太长,拆成两个.

在英文摘 要中漏译.

标点缺失

介词错误.

冠词和标点缺失,语义不明.

误用词

方式状语bydoingsth.及重复用词.

词性错误

定语太长,应后置.

主语不对,语序颠倒.

该词仅在补充内容时用.

词性错误

多余.

误用词.

大小写错误,拼写错误

"同时"与开头的"首先"讲不通.病句.

漏字.

前面对"固溶处理"没有叙述,前后不对应.

选词有误

时态错误

错误表达

时态错误

选词错误

字对字翻译.

比较级错误

整个部分完全字对字翻译.

错别字

错别字

错别字

重复用词

中式英文

选词不准确

缺少连词

拼写错误

拼写错误

语态错误

事态不一致

与原文脱节

选词错误

叙述不准确