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东北大学博士学位论文排版打印格式

1. 引言

依据中华人民共和国《科学技术报告,学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》和东北大学学位论文格式改编,专为我校申请硕士,博士学位人员撰写打印论文时使用.本格式自发布日起实行.

2. 学位论文主要部分

学位论文主要部分由前头部分,主体部分和结尾部分(只限必要时采用)组成.

2.1 前头部分

(1)封面

(2)扉页——题名页(中,英两种)

(4)声明(独创性声明)

(3)摘 要 (中,英两种文字)

(5)目录

(6)插图和附表清单(只限必要时)

(7)缩略字,缩写词,符号,单位表(只限必要时)

(8)名词术语注释表(只限必要时)

2.2 主体部分

(1)绪论(前言,引言,绪言)

(2)正文

(3)讨论,结论和建议

2.3 结尾部分(只限必要时采用)

(1)参考文献

(2)致谢

(3)攻读学位期间发表的论着,获奖情况及发明专利等项.

(4)作者从事科学研究和学习经历的简历

(5)可供参考的文献题录(只限必要时采用)

(6)索引(只限必要时采用)

3. 版式

纸张大小:纸的尺寸为标准A4复印纸(210mm×297mm).

版芯(打印尺寸):160mm×247mm(不包括页眉行,页码行).

正文字体字号:小4号宋体,全文统一.

每页30~35行,每行35~38字.

装订:双面打印印刷,沿长边装订.

页码:页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页,字号与正文字体相同,页底居中,数字两侧用圆点或一字横线修饰,如·3·或-3-.

页眉:自摘 要 页起加页眉,眉体可用单线或双线(二等线,文武线),页眉说明5号楷体,左端"东北大学硕士,博士学位论文",右端"章号章题".

封面:东北大学研究生(博士或硕士)学位论文标准封面(双A4).

4. 体例

4.1 标题

论文正文按章,条,款,项分级,在不同级的章,条,款,项阿拉伯数字编号之间用点"."(半角实心下圆点)相隔,最末级编号之后不加点.排版格式见表4.1.

此分级编号法只分至第四级.再分可用(1),(2)等,(a),(b)等等.

表4.1 标题排版格式

标题字号字体格式举例第一级(章)二号黑体居中,占3行第1章 XXX第二级(条)三号黑体居左,占2行1.1 XXXXXX第(款)四号黑体居左,占2行1.1.1 XXXXXX第四级(项)小四号黑体居左,占1行1.1.1.1 XXXXXX摘 要 ,目录,参考文献,致谢,个人简历等标题作为第一级标题排版.

4.2 正文

汉字字体字号:正文字体小4号宋体.

外文,数字字号与同行汉字字号相同,字体用WORD系统中的Time New Roman体或相近字体.

4.2.1 插图

插图包括图解,示意图,构造图,曲线图,框图,流程图,布置图,地图,照片,图版等.插图注明项有图号,图题,图例.图号编码用章序号.如"图2.1"表示第2章第1图.图号与图题文字间置一字空格,置于图的正下方,图题用5号字,字体可用宋体,须全文统一.图中标注符号文字字号不大于图题的字号.

4.2.2 表

表的一般格式是数据依序竖排,内容和项目由左至右横读,通版排版.表号也用章序号编码,如:表2.1是第2章中的第1表.表应有表题,与表号之间空1~2字,置于表的上方居中,用5号宋体,须全文统一.表中的内容和项目字号不大于图题的字号.

4.2.3 公式

公式包括数学,物理和化学公式.正文中引用的公式,算式或方程式等可以按章序号用阿拉伯数字编号(式号),如:式(2.1)表示第2章第1式,公式一般单行居中排版与上下文分开,式号与公式同行居右排版.

4.3 附录

附录中的图,表,公式,参考文献等另行编排序号,与正文分开,也一律用阿拉伯数字编号,但在数码前冠以附录序码.例如:图A.1,式(B.3)等.

4.4 计量单位

学位论文一律采用1984年2月27日国务院发布的《中华人民共和国法定计量单位》,并遵照《中华人民共和国法定计量单位使用方法》执行.论文中命名用各种量,单位和符号,必须遵循国家标准GB3100-82,GB3101-82,GB3102/1-13-82等的规定.

单位名称和符号的书写方式,可以采用国际通用符号,也可以用中文名称,但统一采用一种,不要混用.

4.5 参考文献

参考文献采用顺序号编号体系.

专着格式:

序号. 编着者. 书名[M],出版地:出版社,年代,起止页码

期刊论文格式:

序号. 作者. 论文名称[J],期刊名称,年度,卷(期):起止页码

学位论文格式:

序号. 作者. 学位论文名称[D],发表地:学位授予单位,年度

参考文献举例:

1. 张毅. 铸造工艺CAD及其应用[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1994,14-15.

2. Huang S C, Huang Y M, Shieh S M. Vibration and stability of a rotating shaft containing a transerse crack [J], J Sound and Vibration, 1993, 162(3): 387-401.

3. 周丽. 机械式挖掘机工作装置的优化与仿真[D],沈阳东北大学,2000

表格举例:

表2.1 成分(质量百分比,%)

hemical positions of designed steels (mass%)

CMnSiNV合金I0.11.0<,0.20.010.1合金II0.11.0<,0.20.020.1合金III0.11.0<,0.20.010.05 (6.1)

(6.2)

图举例:

图3.3硬度和表面粗糙度随CSR形变量的变化

Fig. 3.3 Variation of hardness and surface roughness

of the samples with CSR reduction

分类号 密级

UDC

学位论文

作者姓名:李某指导教师:张某某教授东北大学计算机科学与工程研究所申请学位级别:博士学科类别:学科专业名称:计算机软件与理论论文提交日期:2001年1月论文答辩日期:2001年2月学位授予日期:2001年3月答辩委员会主席:王某某评阅人:毛某某,刘某某,张某某,黄某某

东北大学

2001年1月

A Dissertation in Computer Software and Theory

Machine Translation Orented Stochastic

Lexical Semantic Driven Approach

by Li Mou

Supervisor: Professor Zhang Moumou

Northeastern University

February 2001

独创性声明

本人声明所呈交的学位论文是在导师的指导下完成的.论文中取得的研究成果除加以标注和致谢的地方外,不包含其他人己经发表或撰写过的研究成果,也不包括本人为获得其他学位而使用过的材料.与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均己在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意. 学位论文作者签名:

日期:

本学位论文作者和指导教师完全了解东北大学有关保留,使用学位论文的规定:即学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和磁盘,允许论文被查阅和借阅.本人同意东北大学可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,交流.作者和导师同意网上交流□一年□一年半□ 两年□

学位论文作者签名: 导师签名:

签字日期: 签字日期: 面向机器翻译的随机词汇语义驱动方法的研究

摘要

跨越语言的障碍,实现不同语言人们之间的自由交流,是人类自古以来的一个梦想.机器翻译理论的研究目的在于应用计算机作为智能处理工具,实现异种自然语言间的自动翻译过程,其技术意义和社会意义都是十分深远的.

然而由于自然语言的复杂性,直至今天机器翻译的研究仍面临着巨大的困难.除词汇歧义和转换变异映射外,结构歧义一直是机器翻译研究中的主要困难之一.这是因为,各种机器翻译方法,无论是基于知识的还是基于经验的,都或多或少地依赖于源语的结构标注信息来完成语言的转换生成过程.

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关 键 词 :自然语言处理,词汇语义驱动,结构消歧,机器翻译,随机语言模型,

知识获取 Machine Translation Oriented Stochastic

Lexicla Semantic Driven Approach

Abstract

People all over the world he been eager for overing the munication difficulties between different languages for a long time. The research in machine translation, which is of much importance both to the technology and to the society, tries to solve the problem by using puter as an intelligent process toll.

However, due to the inherent plexity of the natural language, machine translation is still a great challenge until now. Apart from the word sense ambiguity and tranormation divergence between languages, structural ambiguity is another main obstacle confronting the researchers. The reason is that almost all MT systems rely on the structurl annothation information to acplish the language tranormation, no matter they are knowledge based or experience based.

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Key words: natural language processing, lexical semantic driven, structural disambiguation, machine translation, stochastic language model, knowledge acquisition

目录

声明·················································································································································I

中文摘 要 ····································································································································II

BSTRACT······························································································································III

第1章 引言·····························································································································1

1.1 研究背景··································································································································1


1.1.1 结构歧义························································································································1

1.1.2 理性主义的研究方法··································································································4

1.1.3 经验主义的研究方法··································································································5

1.2 问题定义··································································································································7

1.2.1 结构化的随机语言模型·····························································································7

1.2.2 基于实例类比的分析策略······················································································10

1.3 论文结构·······························································································································13

第2章 自然语言的结构分析···············································································14

2.1 自然语言形式文法系统····································································································14

2.1.1 合一文法······················································································································14

2.1.2 依存文法······················································································································21

2.1.3 词汇化文法··················································································································23

2.2 自然语言分析算法·············································································································25

2.2.1 串行分析算法·············································································································26

2.2.2 并行分析算法·············································································································27

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第1章 引 言

1.1 研究背景

今天,计算机技术和互联网络的飞速发展把社会的信息化进程推向了一个全新的阶段,信息的传递与交流已经成为整个现代社会生活运作的重要基础,电子可读文本大量涌现并成为网络时代主要的信息载体和人们的生活中不可缺的一部分.随着信息化进代的来临,自然语言处理技术已逐渐成为一项大从的迫切需求,计算语言学的研究也越来越受到人们的重视.

自然语言分析技术(Natural Language Parsing)一直是计算语言学领域一个基础性的研究课题.大部分自然语言处理系统,包括机器翻译,文本理解,信息的检索与过滤,语音识别与合成,都毫无疑问地会从高质量的分析技术中受益.从科学的观点来看,计算机的自然语言分析过程是对人类语言理解过程的模拟:即根据一定的语言知识,通常是一具由规则,树或图组成的形式文法系统,将输入句子的一维线性结构赋予某种二维平面结构解释,从人工工智能研究的角度来讲,这是一个基于推理的问题求解过程,分析方法则对应了其推理控制策略.

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1.1.1 结构歧义

然而与形式语言的分析相比,应用计算机进行自然语言的结构分析却远非一件容易的工作.

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东北大学博士学位论文 摘 要

东北大学博士学位论文 Abstract

东北大学博士学位论文 目录

东北大学博士学位论文 第1章引言

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